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Advancements in male reproductive medicine are ongoing, but more research and improved treatments are needed in several areas.

The document concludes that hormonal biomarkers are key for diagnosing hyperandrogenemia in women and hypogonadism in men.

The new test can measure very small amounts of testosterone in hair, and grinding the hair up first gives more accurate results.

A woman with HIV had a severe skin condition that improved with antiretroviral therapy.

Lower growth factors linked to balding in androgenetic alopecia.

ILK is essential for skin development, pigmentation, and healing.

LEF1 is essential for the development of airway glands and is regulated by the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

RT1640 treatment reverses gray hair and promotes hair growth in mice.

Fractional lasers and microneedling, combined with topical agents, could potentially treat Alopecia Areata effectively, but more research is needed due to limited data.

Testosterone may worsen hair loss by affecting hair growth signals, while different prostaglandins can either hinder or promote hair growth.

The GH-IGF-I axis is likely involved in the hormonal imbalances seen in non-obese women with functional hyperandrogenism.

NF-κB signaling is crucial in many diseases and can be targeted for new treatments.

ZD1839, a cancer drug, can cause mild skin rashes that are treatable without stopping the medication.

The man's fatigue and erectile dysfunction were improved by treating his obesity-related low testosterone without needing testosterone replacement.

Retinoids are effective for skin conditions like severe acne and psoriasis but must be used with caution due to potential side effects and risks during pregnancy.

A certain gene variation is linked to a higher risk of polycystic ovarian syndrome in South Indian women.

Insulin resistance is linked to PCOS and can lead to other health issues, but treatments like metformin can help manage symptoms.

Long-term use of canthaxanthin may cause reversible changes in the eye, including crystal deposits and altered vision responses.

Mice without the vitamin D receptor have bone issues and other health problems, suggesting vitamin D is important for preventing various diseases in humans.

MicroRNAs are crucial in controlling cell signaling, affecting cancer and tissue regeneration.

Skin stem cells are crucial for maintaining and repairing the skin and hair, using a complex mix of signals to do so.

Hair follicle development is controlled by interactions between skin tissues and specific molecular signals.

Calreticulin has roles in healing, immune response, and disease beyond its known functions in the endoplasmic reticulum.

Spironolactone treatment increases the amount of testosterone available in the body.

Overexpression of activin A in mice skin causes skin thickening, fibrosis, and improved wound healing.

Metformin is effective for treating excessive hair growth in women with PCOS and may work better than the standard treatment in some ways.

Fibromodulin might help reduce scarring if increased in adult wounds like in fetal skin that heals without scars.

TGF-β is crucial for controlling stem cell behavior and changes in its signaling can lead to diseases like cancer.

Targeting the IL-23/IL-17 pathway effectively treats several inflammatory skin diseases.

Eating less sugar, milk, and saturated fats and more vegetables and fish may help treat and prevent acne.