This article discusses disruptions in hair cycle dynamics and follicular miniaturization associated with patterned hair loss, emphasizing androgen-related changes, and reports no clinical findings.
57 citations
,
July 1987 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” In this study, minoxidil treatment was associated with an increase in nonvellus scalp hairs, but this effect was not sustained once the treatment was stopped.
44 citations
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March 1987 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” This study found that both 2% and 3% topical minoxidil were more effective than placebo in promoting hair growth for men with male pattern baldness over 12 months.
26 citations
,
December 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology” This study found that in Korea, nonbald individuals perceive balding men as older and less attractive, with women more likely than nonbald men to view them as less attractive.
January 1996 in “Springer eBooks” In this study, Hamilton (1942) reported that the susceptibility to balding increases with age and is expressed more rapidly when older men begin androgen treatment.
12 citations
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March 2013 in “Cancer Causes & Control” This study found that an earlier onset of androgenetic alopecia, especially in a frontal balding pattern, was significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer among men at a Veterans Affairs Hospital.
July 2025 in “Physiological Reviews” This study presents male pattern androgenetic alopecia (mpAGA) as a natural physiological process involving reversible transformation of hair follicles, but notes unresolved links with androgen mechanisms and highlights potential research avenues beyond androgen receptor signaling for treatment exploration.
April 2016 in “Journal of Aesthetic Nursing” This article explores the social and psychological factors driving male body hair grooming and the psychosocial effects of both hair removal and male pattern balding, without reporting new clinical findings.
57 citations
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February 2014 in “Experimental Dermatology” This review discusses the role of Prostaglandin D2 and its synthase in androgenetic alopecia but reports no new clinical findings, suggesting pathways for future therapeutic development.
47 citations
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January 2001 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” High testosterone to epitestosterone ratio in hair could predict male-pattern baldness.
11 citations
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January 1985 in “Archives of Dermatology” This article discusses the complex interaction between androgens and the skin, highlighting elevated androgen levels in women with hirsutism, female-pattern hair loss, and acne, but reports no new clinical results.
Hair restoration surgery is becoming more common as male pattern baldness increases with age.
10 citations
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July 1981 in “Archives of Otolaryngology-head & Neck Surgery” This article reviews scalp flap surgery for hair restoration, emphasizing its ability to provide immediate and natural hair coverage compared to traditional hair transplantation, and reports no new clinical results.
January 2023 in “Springer eBooks” Most older adults experience pattern hair loss due to shrinking hair follicles, with men and women showing different balding patterns.
April 2012 in “The Journal of Urology” In this prospective cohort study, male pattern baldness was identified as an independent predictor of prostate cancer, while the 2D:4D finger ratio was not associated with the cancer risk.
40 citations
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July 2008 in “Drug Discovery Today” This review addresses the limited efficacy of current treatments for male pattern baldness and explains that emerging genetic insights could lead to more effective future therapies.
23 citations
,
December 1991 in “Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences” This study reported that human balding scalp grafted onto nude mice showed reduced linear growth rates of both vellus and terminal hairs.
21 citations
,
November 2017 in “Scientific Reports” This study found that prostaglandin D2 reduced proliferation in bulge resident K15+ stem cells but not in other K15+ progenitor cells, suggesting differential impacts on hair follicle stem cell niches.
20 citations
,
August 2016 in “International Journal of Cancer” This study reports that male-pattern baldness may be linked to an increased risk of skin cancer, particularly for tumors located on the scalp.
19 citations
,
January 2001 in “Dermatology + psychosomatics” This review discusses the perceptions of male pattern baldness by strangers and explores the sociocultural aspects of hair and hair loss but reports no new results.
9 citations
,
November 1993 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” Some men can have female pattern baldness without hormonal abnormalities or signs of feminization.
2 citations
,
January 2009 in “Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine” This article reviews depictions of baldness in art and notes its symbolic connections to depression, with no new research findings presented.
January 2011 in “Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery” Moles on the scalp are more common in people with more body moles and atypical moles, but not linked to balding.
September 1997 in “Dermatologic Surgery” This article reviews different grafting strategies for hair restoration surgery in extensive baldness and suggests uniform density grafting offers less detectable results, especially under adverse grooming conditions.
1 citations
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September 1997 in “PubMed” In this report, the authors suggest that for extensive baldness, the uniform density approach in hair restoration surgery is less noticeable, especially in situations like wind or exercise.
March 2017 in “Journal of Dermatology” This article is a letter discussing variations in male sex hormone levels among different pattern subtypes of androgenetic alopecia and does not present new research results.
4 citations
,
November 2017 in “Cancer Causes & Control” This study found that men with androgenetic alopecia at age 20 years may have a higher risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer, particularly advanced stage disease.
24 citations
,
January 2010 in “Endocrine Regulations” In this study, men taking 1 mg/day of finasteride for 12 months showed minor metabolic changes and slight improvements in glucose metabolism.
1 citations
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April 2016 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study identified that blocking the PTGDR2 receptor in human hair follicles in vitro and in mice reversed the hair growth inhibition caused by PGD2, suggesting a potential approach for treating alopecia.
December 2025 in “Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)” This paper introduces the Vertex Overload Framework for androgenetic alopecia, suggesting that chronic mechanical and thermal stress on the vertex contributes to hair follicle miniaturization, with androgens acting as co-mediators of stress adaptation rather than isolated causes.