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The report concludes that PCOS is mainly a condition of excess male hormones and its definition may change as new information is discovered.

Dupilumab is being tested for many new skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal conditions.

The document concludes that correct diagnosis and management of PCOS are important, and more research is needed on its risks and treatments.

Androgens like testosterone are important hormones for both men and women, made differently in each sex and affecting the body by regulating genes and quick interactions with cell components.

Some growth factors, while important for normal body functions, can cause diseases when not regulated properly.

New technologies help us better understand how skin microbes affect skin diseases.

Environmental factors can cause mutations in skin proteins, leading to skin disorders.

Zinc is crucial for skin health and treating various skin disorders.

The 2015 Hair Research Congress concluded that stem cells, maraviroc, and simvastatin could potentially treat Alopecia Areata, topical minoxidil, finasteride, and steroids could treat Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia, and PTGDR2 antagonists could also treat alopecia. They also found that low-level light therapy could help with hair loss, a robotic device could assist in hair extraction, and nutrition could aid hair growth. They suggested that Alopecia Areata is an inflammatory disorder, not a single disease, indicating a need for personalized treatments.

Mutations in NIPAL4 cause skin issues by disrupting lipid layers, but some improvement is seen with topical treatment.

The combined treatment effectively managed severe skin issues in Olmsted syndrome.

People with Collagen VI-related myopathies may often have hair loss and scalp issues.

Researchers created a mouse with the same mutation as humans with trichothiodystrophy, showing similar symptoms and confirming the condition is due to defects in DNA repair and gene activity.

Postmenopausal hyperandrogenism, a condition with symptoms like increased hair growth and acne, is usually caused by PCOS but can also be due to other factors. It's diagnosed by checking testosterone levels and treated either by removing the adrenal tumor or through antiandrogen therapy.

Phospholipase A2 enzymes play key roles in skin health and disease.

A genetic mutation in the DCAF17 gene caused Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome in a Chinese patient from a related family.

TGFα gene mutation in mice causes abnormal skin, wavy hair, curly whiskers, and sometimes eye inflammation.

The absence of functional sebaceous glands causes hair follicle destruction and scarring alopecia.

The best animal model for studying male-pattern baldness is the stumptailed macaque, not rats or mice.

New ABCA12 gene mutations were linked to a skin condition with scaling and hair loss, and a treatment helped with hair loss in a related case.

Women with nonclassic 21-hydroxylase deficiency can have successful pregnancies through IVF, with certain factors affecting their chances.

Intravenous calcium therapy is a safe and effective treatment for a rare type of rickets.

Removing part of the vitamin D receptor stops vitamin D from working properly.

Finasteride irreversibly affects human steroid 5α-reductase 2, providing insight into its catalytic mechanism and disease-related mutations.

Many treatments for hair loss lack proper testing and FDA approval, so their effectiveness is uncertain.

Inhibiting AP1 in mice skin causes structural changes and weakens the skin barrier.

Alopecia areata has a complex genetic basis that was not fully understood as of 2001.

Minoxidil, finasteride, and low-level laser light therapy are effective FDA-approved treatments for hair loss.

Beige and leaden pigment genes act within melanocytes, affecting pigment patterns.

Terbinafine is more effective than itraconazole for toenail fungus, especially in older patients, and debridement improves its effectiveness.