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Glossary Antimicrobial Peptides

small proteins that kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are small proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by directly killing bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They are part of the body's first line of defense and work by disrupting the membranes of these pathogens, making them an essential component in preventing infections.

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research Characterization of the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo Efficacy of the Antimicrobial Peptide DPK-060 Used for Topical Treatment

78 citations , May 2019 in “Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology”

This study found that the antimicrobial peptide DPK-060 effectively reduced bacterial counts of Staphylococcus aureus and was safe for topical use in preclinical models, although nanocarrier encapsulation did not enhance its efficacy.

research Antimicrobial peptide-modified AIE visual composite wound dressing for promoting rapid healing of infected wounds

6 citations , January 2024 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology”

This study developed a smart PVA-TPE/HA-AMP/SF/ALG wound dressing that shows promise in infected wound healing by providing bacterial resistance, promoting cell proliferation, and modulating inflammation through various signaling pathways, potentially reducing scar formation.

research Antimicrobial peptide lysozyme has the potential to promote mouse hair follicle growth in vitro

6 citations , August 2015 in “Acta histochemica”

In this study, lysozyme was found to promote vibrissae follicle growth in vitro by enhancing the hair-inductive capacity of dermal papilla cells.

research Lipid-based liquid crystals as drug delivery vehicles for antimicrobial peptides

5 citations , January 2017 in “Chalmers Publication Library (Chalmers University of Technology)”

In this study, cubosome and hexosome carriers with antimicrobial peptides showed varied efficacy, with cubosomes protecting peptides from degradation and enhancing bactericidal effects in some cases, while hexosomes lacked antimicrobial activity.

research Role of Human Skin Antimicrobial Peptides in Psoriasis

1 citations , January 2010 in “Acta Chirurgica Latviensis”

In this study, researchers found that psoriasis patients with untreated lesions showed increased activation of defensins, matrix metalloproteinases, and neuropeptides, which may be stimulated by specific inflammation pathways.

research 1318 Both lesional and non-lesional skin from acne patients shows robust IL-17-skewing and upregulation of antimicrobial peptides

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that acne lesions and nonlesional skin in mild-to-moderate acne patients showed significant Th17-skewing and increased antimicrobials, suggesting systemic targets like IL-17/IL-23/IL-36 could be therapeutic.

The Bacterial Metabolite, Butyrate, Prolongs Anagen and Promotes Autophagy, Mitochondrial Activity, Melanogenesis and Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Human Scalp Hair Follicles

research 558 The Bacterial Metabolite, Butyrate, Prolongs Anagen and Promotes Autophagy, Mitochondrial Activity, Melanogenesis and Antimicrobial Peptide Production in Human Scalp Hair Follicles

November 2022 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that sodium butyrate, a metabolite from the HF microbiome, significantly delayed catagen onset and promoted key physiological processes in cultured human hair follicles.

research BroadAMP-GPT: AI-Driven generation of broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides for combating multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens

12 citations , June 2025 in “Gut Microbes”

This study developed BroadAMP-GPT, a computational-experimental framework, to discover new antimicrobial peptides, identifying candidates effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Notably, AMP_S13 showed strong stability, low toxicity, and efficacy in infection models, highlighting the platform's potential in combating antimicrobial resistance.

research Infectious Diseases 2015: The antimicrobial peptides delivery strategies based on nanotechnology to treat infectious diseases - Groo Anne-Claire - University of Angers

January 2019 in “Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutics and Nanotechnology”

This review discusses polycystic ovary syndrome's metabolic and reproductive impacts, highlighting its insulin resistance and related complications, but reports no new research findings, underscoring the need for lifestyle modifications.

research Unraveling Evolutionary Insights into AVT Peptide Conservation and Antimicrobial Motif Prediction Across Taxa

August 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This study found that arginine vasotocin is evolutionarily conserved across diverse taxa and may play roles in neuroendocrine, immune, and stress signaling, with potential antimicrobial applications.

research Age-Related Loss of Innate Immune Antimicrobial Function of Dermal Fat Is Mediated by Transforming Growth Factor Beta

96 citations , December 2018 in “Immunity”

This study found that inhibiting TGF-β receptors in adult dermal fibroblasts restored their function and increased resistance to Staphylococcus aureus infection by enhancing their adipogenic and antimicrobial capabilities.

research 1325 Age-dependent loss of the stemness and antimicrobial defense function of dermal fibroblasts is mediated by TGFbeta

April 2018 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This study found that TGFbeta is a key pathway causing age-related loss of dermal fat's antimicrobial function, suggesting that targeting TGFBR might help restore skin defense against infections in older age.

research Self-Assembled Peptide Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine

August 2023 in “Gels”

This review summarizes the current applications and mechanisms of self-assembled peptide hydrogels in promoting skin, bone, and nerve regeneration, highlighting their potential due to their biocompatibility and supportive role in tissue healing.

research 495 OR2AT4 activation by a synthetic odorant, stimulates dermcidin production in human hair follicle epithelium and increases follicular resistance to bacterial contamination: A novel antimicrobial folliculitis therapy?

April 2019 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology”

This study suggests that stimulating olfactory receptors in human hair follicles with Sandalore® increases antimicrobial activity by upregulating dermcidin production, potentially offering a novel approach for treating hair follicle diseases with bacterial issues.

research 129 Targeted inhibition of EGFR reduces anti-microbial defense mechanisms at the hair canal

November 2023 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

Inhibiting EGFR weakens skin's defense against bacteria.

research Recent advances in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing

262 citations , May 2017 in “Nanomedicine”

This review examines recent advancements in electrospun nanofibers for wound healing applications, but reports no new experimental results, highlighting their potential in sutures, dressings, and skin regeneration.

research The Immune Functions of Keratinocytes in Skin Wound Healing

147 citations , November 2020 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review discusses the immune roles of keratinocytes in wound healing and chronic wound inflammation, emphasizing their potential impact on chronic wound pathology and highlighting areas for future research.

research Dermal white adipose tissue: a new component of the thermogenic response

92 citations , September 2015 in “Journal of Lipid Research”

This review discusses the roles of dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) as an insulator, antibiotic, and regenerative tissue, highlighting its importance in systemic metabolism and immune function, but reports no new clinical results.

research Emerging nonmetabolic functions of skin fat

65 citations , January 2018 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

This review discusses the unique features of dermal white adipose tissue, its interaction with hair follicles, and its role in skin physiology, reporting no new experimental findings.

research Dermal White Adipose Tissue: A Newly Recognized Layer of Skin Innate Defense

49 citations , March 2019 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology”

This review discusses dermal white adipose tissue's roles in skin immunity, highlighting its antimicrobial function and interactions with other immune cells, but reports no new clinical results.

research Deciphering the functions of the hair follicle infundibulum in skin physiology and disease

38 citations , September 2014 in “Cell and Tissue Research”

This review explores the infundibulum's role and importance in skin diseases and emphasizes the need for further research into its biology and potential therapeutic targeting, but it presents no new findings.

research Expression of dermcidin in sebocytes supports a role for sebum in the constitutive innate defense of human skin

25 citations , November 2015 in “Journal of Dermatological Science”

In this study, researchers identified the antimicrobial peptide dermcidin in sebocyte lipid droplets, challenging the previous understanding of dermcidin as exclusively sweat-specific.

Sebaceous Immunobiology: Skin Homeostasis, Innate Immunity Coordination, Inflammatory Response, and Disease Associations

research Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations

21 citations , November 2022 in “Frontiers in immunology”

This article reviews sebaceous immunobiology and highlights the complex role of sebaceous glands and sebocytes in skin barrier function and inflammation, particularly in acne pathogenesis, but reports no new results.

research Skin-associated adipocytes in skin barrier immunity: A mini-review

20 citations , January 2023 in “Frontiers in Immunology”

This review discusses the role of skin-associated adipocytes in modulating skin immune responses and infection, reporting no new experimental results.

research Vitamin D increases expression of cathelicidin in cultured sebocytes

18 citations , June 2012 in “Archives of Dermatological Research”

This study found that treatment with vitamin D increased the expression of LL-37 through the vitamin D receptor in cultured sebocytes.

research The Epidermal Vitamin D System and Innate Immunity: Some More Light Shed on This Unique Photoendocrine System?

14 citations , January 2008 in “Dermatology”

This review discusses the role of vitamin D metabolism in skin immunity and wound healing but does not present new results, highlighting the need for further research into its therapeutic applications.

research Hidradenitis suppurativa: A folliculotropic disease of innate immune barrier dysfunction?

9 citations , August 2021 in “Experimental dermatology”

This review examines the dysregulation of innate immune barriers in the early stages of hidradenitis suppurativa and calls for further research on the role of the hair follicle and immune responses, but reports no new results.

research A Systematic Review of Keratinocyte Secretions: A Regenerative Perspective

8 citations , July 2022 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review reports no new results but highlights the secretory function of keratinocytes, focusing on how various secretions, notably growth factors, impact stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes.

research Biology of the skin and dermatological disease

7 citations , December 2004 in “Medicine”

This article reviews the anatomy and pathology of skin and hair to aid in diagnosing skin diseases and discusses potential therapies, without reporting new clinical results.

research Wounds and the Microbiota: The Healing Interplay Between Host and Microbial Communities

2 citations , November 2025 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences”

This review highlights that the skin microbiota plays a crucial role in wound healing, with beneficial microorganisms aiding tissue repair and opportunistic pathogens hindering it, potentially guiding future microbiome-targeted therapies.