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Insulin-sensitizing drugs like metformin can help with ovulation, weight loss, and lower testosterone in some women with PCOS.

Menopause affects hair and skin; more research needed for treatment.

Certain defective glucocorticoid receptor mutants move faster inside cell nuclei and work less effectively.

Diagnosing PCOS in teenagers is hard because its symptoms often look like normal puberty, and there's a need for better diagnosis methods and agreement on criteria.

Amenorrhea is when a woman doesn't have periods, with primary amenorrhea starting by age 15 or within five years of breast development, and secondary amenorrhea when periods stop for three months. It affects 3-4% of women not pregnant, breastfeeding, or in menopause, mainly due to polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, hyperprolactinemia, and ovarian failure.

The document concludes that using LC-MS/MS for measuring androgens is more accurate than older methods, but it needs careful validation and standardized references to be most effective.

Women with PCOS have higher xanthine oxidase activity linked to inflammation and heart disease risks.

High levels of TNF-α may contribute to obesity and insulin resistance in PCOS, but not due to the C850T genetic variation.

The PCOS-specific questionnaire needs more work to fully measure quality of life in clinical trials.

Hormonal therapy is a treatment option for acne, the only medical treatment for hirsutism, and the most promising for androgenetic alopecia.

An mFG score of 7 or higher indicates hirsutism in Filipino women, often linked to higher free testosterone levels.

Laser hair removal works well for people with dark hair and light skin, but it's less effective for light hair or dark skin; improvements are expected.

Chromium supplements don't improve insulin, hormone levels, or cholesterol in women with PCOS but raise testosterone levels.

Greek women with PCOS have a higher risk of metabolic syndrome and are more likely to be overweight compared to healthy controls.

Researchers developed a reliable method to measure testosterone and epitestosterone in urine for medical and anti-doping use.

Amenorrhea, or the absence of periods, should be evaluated by age 15 or within five years of early breast development, and is most commonly caused by conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.

Women with mild acne are more likely to have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) than those without acne.

High levels of male hormones are very common in women with PCOS and affect their metabolism differently depending on their weight.

Lifestyle changes are the first step in treating infertility in PCOS, followed by medications like clomiphene and metformin, and then surgery if needed.

Effective hirsutism management requires identifying the cause, combining new and traditional treatments, and setting realistic expectations for patients.

Women with PCOS in North China often have hirsutism and acne, with hirsutism linked to metabolic issues.

Different diagnostic criteria greatly affect PCOS diagnosis rates in teenagers.

Green tea component EGCG may help prevent hair loss by changing microRNA levels in certain scalp cells.

Over 50% of women over 50 experience hair loss, with minoxidil being the only proven effective treatment.

PCOS lowers quality of life, causing issues like obesity, infertility, and menstrual problems.

Most hirsutism patients had idiopathic hirsutism or PCOS, with hormonal imbalances and signs like acne and irregular periods.

Early treatment of acne is important to prevent scarring and improve appearance, using medications that can have side effects.

Women with PCOS often have liver disease, so liver health checks are important for them.

Taking a small dose of prednisone before menstruation can almost completely prevent premenstrual acne with few side effects.

Low birthweight and rapid weight gain after birth may increase the risk of developing polycystic ovary syndrome.