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The document concludes that accurate diagnosis of male and female gonadal disorders is crucial for effective treatment and better patient outcomes.

Natural 5α-reduced glucocorticoids might be anti-inflammatory with fewer side effects than current options.

Androgen treatment with dihydrotestosterone may help maintain height in patients with 5-α-reductase type 2 deficiency, especially before puberty.

A 36-year-old person with a female appearance but male chromosomes was diagnosed with a rare enzyme deficiency affecting sexual development.

DSDs are birth conditions causing unusual sex development, managed with personalized care and sometimes surgery, but still lack a standard treatment approach.

More research is needed to understand how testosterone is maintained in adult males.

5α-reductase is essential for male sexual development and its inhibitors have potential in treating various conditions related to hormone action.

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatments can help with penile growth in males with 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency, with dihydrotestosterone being more effective in infancy.

The document does not determine if adults with aphallia are fertile.

Erectile dysfunction is increasingly common in men under 40, with many physical and psychological causes, and various treatment options available.

The document concludes that future heart disease research should account for sex-specific differences to improve diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

The document concludes that correct diagnosis and management of PCOS are important, and more research is needed on its risks and treatments.

The guidelines recommend informed consent for gender-affirming treatments and stress the importance of personalized, culturally sensitive care for transgender individuals.

The guideline recommends mental health involvement in diagnosing gender identity disorder and outlines hormone and surgical treatment protocols, emphasizing safety, informed consent, and long-term monitoring.

DHT, a testosterone byproduct, causes male pattern baldness.

Testosterone undecanoate safely and effectively increased penis size in male children with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency.

Both genes and environmental factors like chemicals may contribute to the increase in hypospadias, but the exact causes are still unclear.

A 19-year-old male with delayed puberty was successfully treated for a condition that prevents normal hormone production.

CAH is a genetic disorder affecting cortisol production and causing hormonal imbalances, with treatment and diagnosis varying by form and symptoms.

A 10-year-old boy with abnormal genital development had surgery and tests to find the cause and plan treatment.

Testosterone is crucial for development, growth, and various body functions in mammals.

The Endocrine Society advised against routine testosterone therapy for women, citing a need for more research on long-term safety and a clear definition of androgen deficiency.

Steroidogenic isoenzymes may help improve treatments for common hair loss.

5α-reductase-2 deficiency causes ambiguous genitalia at birth and affects male sexual development, but individuals often develop male characteristics at puberty.

The girl's unexpected pubic hair growth led to a diagnosis different from complete androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Androgens can both increase body hair and cause scalp hair loss.

Cirrhosis affects quality of life with various symptoms, requiring a holistic, multidisciplinary approach for management.

S5αR inhibitors might help treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders but need more research.

5-alpha-reductase inhibitors may cause a low incidence of erectile dysfunction that decreases over time.