3 citations
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June 2025 in “Wound Repair and Regeneration” This review highlights the global efforts and challenges in 3D bioprinting for developing skin substitutes, emphasizing the need for standardized protocols to enhance reproducibility and clinical applicability in wound healing and regeneration.
This study utilized a pigmented human epidermal equivalent model to incorporate melanocytes into the epidermis and found enhanced differentiation potential compared to conventional in vitro systems, reflecting in vivo cellular trajectories and highlighting melanocyte-to-keratinocyte communication pathways.
March 2026 in “Ageing Research Reviews” This review highlights the complex interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing skin aging, emphasizing the need for advanced human-specific models to study aging mechanisms and develop new therapies.
August 2026 in “Regenerative Biomaterials” This review examines human-relevant in vitro models for studying pigmentation disorders, identifying both challenges and advancements in replicating human pigmentation processes and disease-specific pathology in vitro.
April 2017 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study reports that incorporating Lef-1 transfected dermal papilla cells into human skin equivalents significantly promoted hair follicle differentiation and hair fiber growth, offering a potential advancement for managing skin loss.
July 2026 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology” This review highlights the development and assessment of human-relevant models for cutaneous wound healing, emphasizing that a combination of systems, such as organoid platforms and skin-on-a-chip systems, is necessary to overcome limitations of traditional methodologies and address chronic wound challenges.
1 citations
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August 2025 in “Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology” This study found that a 3D wound model, the 3DWoundSE, showed improved responsiveness to injury and cytotoxic stimuli compared to an intact 3D skin equivalent, offering a reproducible and ethical alternative to animal models for early wound response assessment in dermatological research and drug development.
November 2024 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Microfluidic models improve testing for aging, wound healing, and oral tissue, reducing animal testing.
October 2021 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that reconstructed human epidermis from infant skin is more susceptible to UV damage than that from older children, with notable changes in skin cell characteristics during the early years of life.
This study found that lysine carboxymethyl cysteinate helps protect the epidermis from UVB-induced damage by activating autophagy and restoring cornification processes in a skin model.
January 2026 in “Microsystems & Nanoengineering” This review discusses advancements in skin microphysiological systems, such as 3D bioprinting, skin organoids, and skin-on-a-chip, and their effectiveness in emulating human skin functions for research and preclinical applications, highlighting the potential for replacing animal testing with these innovative technologies.
36 citations
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May 2016 in “Biomaterials” This study demonstrated that an engineered human skin equivalent can generate follicle-like structures resembling fetal skin, highlighting the role of the dermal compartment in directing epithelial cell fate in vitro.
April 2017 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” This study found that retinoic acid and a retinol complex formulation showed different permeation and compound localization in a skin equivalent model, with unique lipid changes observed with only the retinol formulation.
38 citations
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June 2018 in “Archives of Toxicology” This review suggests that skin may largely protect itself from CYP-generated reactive metabolites due to higher conjugating enzyme activities, while highlighting limitations in modeling human skin metabolism experimentally.
February 2026 in “International Journal of Molecular Sciences” This paper reviews advancements in 3D human skin models using bioprinting, organoid, and organ-on-a-chip technologies, noting improvements in physiological realism through vascularization and multi-omics data, but also highlighting challenges such as cost and lack of standardization that hinder clinical adoption.
8 citations
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January 2019 in “Experimental Dermatology” In this study, researchers developed a new 3D skin equivalent assay using mouse epidermal and dermal cells that successfully regenerated organized hair follicles, outperforming a 2D model in hair follicle orientation and quantity, and enhanced hair growth when Wnt3a was added.
4 citations
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October 2017 in “Advances in tissue engineering & regenerative medicine” In this study, a bioengineered construct using a biodegradable polycaprolactone mat cocultured with human keratinocyte and rabbit dermal fibroblast cells demonstrated potential as a tissue-engineered skin substitute, showing good cell adhesion and growth.
69 citations
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June 2017 in “Experimental Biology and Medicine” This review discusses the advancements and challenges in developing in vitro human skin models incorporating components like vasculature for drug testing and disease research, but reports no new clinical results.
73 citations
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August 2019 in “Cell Proliferation” This review explores the interactions between the skin, peripheral nervous system, and immune system and reports no new results; the authors highlight the importance of understanding these connections for various skin conditions.
3 citations
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May 2017 in “British journal of dermatology/British journal of dermatology, Supplement” Certain cells around hair follicles help improve skin regeneration for potential use in skin grafts.
November 2023 in “Frontiers in Medicine” This study demonstrated a novel use of tape stripping on a human skin model to simulate the inflammation and barrier damage caused by dry razor shaving, highlighting potential shaving and skin-care formulations that may mitigate such damage.
4 citations
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June 2021 in “Dermatology” This study validated the HS 3D-SeboSkin model as a reliable tool for preclinical research, effectively preserving the structure and biomarker expression of lesional and perilesional HS skin ex vivo.
46 citations
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October 2023 in “Science Advances” In this study, researchers used 3D bioprinting to successfully create engineered skin tissues with hair follicle-like structures, potentially enhancing skin grafts and safety testing for chemical compounds by more closely mimicking natural skin complexity.
2 citations
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June 2023 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” In this study, post-treatment with DCO was found to speed up epidermal wound healing after micro-needling of 3D skin models while maintaining the treatment's immunostimulatory benefits, potentially optimizing aftercare and reducing patient recovery time.
110 citations
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August 2011 in “Journal of Visualized Experiments” This research highlights the use of 3D human skin model reconstructs as a promising method to study human skin biology, showing that these models replicate natural melanocyte and melanoma behaviors accurately.
39 citations
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March 2022 in “Nature Protocols” This study describes a protocol for generating hair-bearing skin organoids from human pluripotent stem cells, achieving full complexity resembling fetal skin tissue by day 130 in vitro.
6 citations
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January 2018 in “Advances in experimental medicine and biology” This research reports that Muse cells from human skin can be differentiated into melanocytes, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes, enabling the creation of 3D reconstituted skin, potentially advancing skin reconstruction therapies.
184 citations
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December 2018 in “Nature Communications” This study demonstrated that enhancing human skin constructs with hair follicles through engineered cell organization and vascularization improved hair growth in immunodeficient mice, suggesting potential advances for treating alopecia and chronic wounds.
July 2016 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” This study concluded that a new model of reconstructed human epidermis using keratinocytes from plucked hair follicles offers a less-invasive alternative to conventional skin-derived models for skin research.
10 citations
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September 2022 in “Advanced Healthcare Materials” This review discusses recent advancements and ongoing challenges in engineering human skin with appendages using scaffold-free and scaffold-based bioengineering approaches, but it reports no new clinical results.