January 2026 in “Clinical Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology” This study found that targeting both hormonal and immune pathways improved treatment outcomes in androgenetic alopecia patients with an under-recognized inflammatory component called PIILIF, which may contribute to treatment resistance.
July 2025 in “Journal of Investigative Dermatology” Scarring alopecia involves increased immune cells and specific gene changes near damaged hair follicles.
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September 2021 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” This study observed that inflammation in androgenetic alopecia samples was similar to alopecia areata controls, but infundibular and isthmic inflammation were significantly more common in androgenetic alopecia cases.
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August 2004 in “Veterinary Dermatology” In this study, a thoroughbred mare exhibited a unique case of alopecia areata with lymphocytic infiltration at both the bulbar and isthmic levels of hair follicles.
January 2016 in “Journal of The American Academy of Dermatology” This case report describes a 59-year-old woman diagnosed with frontal fibrosing alopecia, presenting with scarring alopecia and perifollicular erythematous papules.