35 citations
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July 1981 in “Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics” Minoxidil can cause dangerous fluid buildup around the heart.
14 citations
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October 1977 in “The Lancet”
August 2025 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” In this study, Gupta et al. observed that pericardial effusions were dose-independently associated with oral minoxidil use for hypertension but not frequently reported during its use for alopecia, suggesting a potential underreporting issue and the need for standardized risk monitoring in alopecia treatment.
December 2024 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study found that oral minoxidil was more likely to be associated with pericardial effusion compared to other adverse effects, with the relationship appearing dose independent.
September 2024 in “Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology” This study examined the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database and found significant associations between low-dose oral minoxidil use and adverse events like pericardial effusion, highlighting the need for caution and recommending the use of the lowest effective dose until more safety data are available.