182 citations
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December 2007 in “BJCP. British journal of clinical pharmacology/British journal of clinical pharmacology” This study demonstrated that hair follicles significantly expedite the absorption of caffeine through the skin compared to interfollicular pathways.
82 citations
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January 1994 in “Skin Pharmacology and Physiology” This study found that human skin with hair follicles and sebaceous glands absorbed significantly more steroids than scar skin without these appendages, indicating their role in steroid penetration.
52 citations
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February 1985 in “Archives of Dermatology” Minoxidil absorbs poorly through skin, with low risk of side effects at 1-2% concentration.
37 citations
,
January 1997 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study observed that hairless rat skin was more permeable to mannitol and progesterone than hairy rat skin, indicating that follicular structures significantly impact percutaneous absorption.
25 citations
,
June 1990 in “Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences” This study found that minoxidil absorption through the skin increased with longer contact times, reaching over 75% of the maximum absorption within four hours.