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This study found that a combination of low-fluence Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser, hydroquinone cream, and oral tranexamic acid showed promising results for Riehl’s melanosis in Asian patients, with no serious adverse events reported.

This study found that both oral tranexamic acid and microneedling improve melasma treatment outcomes when added to standard therapy, with microneedling showing a more sustained remission.

In this study, oral and topical tranexamic acid significantly improved melasma symptoms in 28 female patients, with all showing over 25% improvement and 50% achieving good improvement, while 92.86% experienced no side effects, suggesting it is an effective and safe treatment.

In this study, oral tranexamic acid significantly improved melasma in 40 female patients over three months, with no adverse effects like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or bleeding, demonstrating its potential as a safe and effective treatment option.

This review summarizes current melasma treatments, emphasizing the need for tailored, long-term management strategies that integrate photoprotection and address various pathogenic mechanisms.