October 2023 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this study, distinct androgen excess subtypes were identified in women with PCOS, with the adrenal androgen excess cluster showing significantly higher rates of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, suggesting 11-oxygenated androgens as potential drivers of metabolic risk.
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April 2016 in “Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research” This study found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes A and B had the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and that the visceral adiposity index may help predict metabolic risk.
This study found that women with postadolescent acne often exhibit symptoms of hyperandrogenism, such as hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia, but have minimal hormone profile abnormalities.
November 2025 in “Journal of Contemporary Medicine” This study observed that women with PCOS exhibited higher levels of triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total testosterone, DHEAS, and LH/FSH ratio, and lower HDL cholesterol compared to healthy controls, with these markers varying across different PCOS phenotypes.
This study found that women with PCOS had significant hormonal imbalances, increased central obesity, and a lower 2D:4D digit ratio, suggesting prenatal androgen exposure may play a role in the condition's development.