4 citations
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December 2023 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Topical metformin effectively treats melasma with minimal side effects.
13 citations
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February 2020 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Microneedling and oral tranexamic acid both improve facial melasma, but microneedling shows more sustained benefits.
December 2025 in “MEDFARM Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan” Topical metformin shows promise for treating skin conditions like acne and psoriasis.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Journal of Pigmentary Disorders” Treating melasma in men is difficult, especially for the deeper skin layers, and may need more than just topical treatments.
23 citations
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September 2018 in “Dermatologic Therapy” Microneedling is a safe and effective way to improve various skin conditions with minimal side effects.