4 citations
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December 2023 in “Frontiers in Pharmacology” Topical metformin effectively treats melasma with minimal side effects.
13 citations
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February 2020 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Microneedling and oral tranexamic acid both improve facial melasma, but microneedling shows more sustained benefits.
1 citations
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January 2015 in “Journal of Pigmentary Disorders” Treating melasma in men is difficult, especially for the deeper skin layers, and may need more than just topical treatments.
23 citations
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September 2018 in “Dermatologic Therapy” Microneedling is a safe and effective way to improve various skin conditions with minimal side effects.
January 2023 in “Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii” Azelaic acid treats acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation with minimal side effects.