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This study found that DNA hypermethylation was present in melasma lesions, and treatments with sunscreen, niacinamide, and retinoic acid were associated with decreased methylation and clinical improvement.

This review discusses the potential use of platelet-rich plasma for treating melasma, suggesting its effectiveness but noting the need for more extensive studies to confirm these findings.

This article reviews melasma in men, its causes, and treatment options, but reports no new clinical findings.

In this study, oral tranexamic acid significantly improved melasma in 40 female patients over three months, with no adverse effects like post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or bleeding, demonstrating its potential as a safe and effective treatment option.

This review discusses the complex relationship between melasma and factors like female sex hormones, genetics, and ultraviolet light exposure, but reports no new clinical findings.