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This study reviews prior research using transgenic K6/ODC mice and demonstrates that elevated polyamines in epithelial cells contribute significantly to skin tumor development and progression by stimulating proliferation, altering cell signaling and chromatin remodeling, and affecting immune functionality, amongst other mechanisms.

This study found that the K6/ODC transgenic mouse model is highly sensitive to identifying genotoxic carcinogens, showing 100% concordance with traditional rodent bioassays.

This study suggests that polyamines regulate CK2 enzyme activity and its subcellular distribution, as demonstrated in mouse models and cell cultures with elevated levels of ornithine decarboxylase.

This study found that overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase and activated Ha-ras together led to a high rate of tumor development in a mouse model without additional carcinogens.

The study found that over-expressing ornithine decarboxylase in the outer root sheath of the hair follicle in mice increases UVB-induced tumor growth and invasive squamous cell carcinoma compared to inter-follicular epidermal keratinocytes.