4 citations
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August 2024 in “PLoS ONE” In this study, researchers reported that both progestin-only injectable contraceptives, DMPA-IM and NET-EN, significantly decreased serum testosterone and SHBG levels among HIV-negative women in South Africa, yet this did not explain prior findings of no reduction in risky sexual behavior or sexual function.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this retrospective chart review, researchers observed that estrogen monotherapy effectively suppressed testosterone levels below 50ng/dL in all transfeminine patients studied, particularly those using injectable formulations, though the small sample size and ongoing data collection limit these findings.
October 2024 in “Journal of the Endocrine Society” In this retrospective study, among transfeminine patients aged 19-81 receiving gender-affirming estrogen therapy, 100% achieved testosterone suppression without anti-androgens when serum estradiol exceeded 100pg/mL, predominantly using injectable estrogen.
12 citations
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October 2018 in “International Journal of Women's Dermatology” This review discusses lesser-known concerns in transgender dermatology, including neovaginal issues, neoplastic and autoimmune conditions, and the effects of unapproved injectable substances, but reports no new clinical findings.
February 2026 in “Trends in Sciences” In a testosterone-induced mouse model, this study found that exosomes from injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin (i-PRF) significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, while enhancing hair regeneration, with the greatest improvements seen when combined with minoxidil, suggesting potential as a novel treatment for androgenetic alopecia.