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This study found that integrating machine learning enhances the predictive accuracy of forensic DNA phenotyping from low template DNA, achieving high accuracy for traits like eye color, although challenges remain for admixed populations and complex traits.

DNA can predict physical traits like eye and hair color accurately, especially in Europeans, but predicting other traits and in diverse populations needs more research.

This paper discusses forensic DNA phenotyping, emphasizing its ability to infer visible traits from biological samples without reference samples, but notes ethical and legal concerns related to its use.

This review highlights how the development of forensic DNA phenotyping systems like IrisPlex, HIrisPlex, and HIrisPlex-S has advanced criminal investigation by accurately predicting physical traits such as eye, hair, and skin color from DNA, thereby improving the precision and relevance of forensic applications.

This review found that current forensic DNA phenotyping panels for biogeographical ancestry and visible traits face significant limitations due to inconsistencies in terminology, genetic understanding, and genotyping technologies, highlighting the need for harmonization and further research.