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This study using Mendelian randomization in UK Biobank data suggests that lifelong increased free testosterone may have mixed effects, including increased bone density and prostate cancer risk, warranting well-powered trials to address uncertainties.

This study found that elevated free testosterone levels may reduce body fat and increase bone density in males, but also raise the risk of prostate cancer, hair loss, and benign prostate hyperplasia.

This study found that male pattern baldness in European males is strongly heritable and associated with genetic markers linked to earlier puberty, bone density, and pancreatic function.

In this pilot randomized clinical trial, TRT combined with finasteride increased lean mass, muscle size, and bone mineral density without prostate enlargement in men with spinal cord injury, suggesting potential benefits for body composition and musculoskeletal health.

This Mendelian randomization study reports that lifelong increased free testosterone in males was associated with improved bone mineral density and body composition but increased risks of prostate cancer, hypertension, and several other conditions.