36 citations,
November 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
8 citations,
January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Deleting the Hoxc13 gene in frogs shows its crucial role in developing skin structures similar to hair.
17 citations,
August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
86 citations,
April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.