36 citations
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December 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
8 citations
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January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
May 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Deleting the Hoxc13 gene in frogs shows its crucial role in developing skin structures similar to hair.
86 citations
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April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.
5 citations
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January 2022 in “Scientific reports” The research identified two types of keratinocytes in chicken scales: one for hard scales and another for soft skin, with similarities to human skin differentiation.