36 citations
,
November 2019 in “Molecular biology and evolution” Cysteine-rich keratins evolved independently in mammals, reptiles, and birds for hard skin structures like hair, claws, and feathers.
8 citations
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January 2023 in “International journal of molecular sciences” Transglutaminase activity is important for skin and is found in both mammals and birds.
April 2023 in “The journal of investigative dermatology/Journal of investigative dermatology” Deleting the Hoxc13 gene in frogs shows its crucial role in developing skin structures similar to hair.
17 citations
,
August 2014 in “The Anatomical Record” Scaffoldin helps form hard skin structures in chicken embryos.
86 citations
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April 2009 in “Journal of anatomy” Hard skin features like scales, feathers, and hair evolved through specific protein changes in different animal groups.