23 citations
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June 2014 in “International Journal of Cosmetic Science” Glyoxylic acid is a safer alternative to formaldehyde for hair straightening and effectively changes hair structure.
October 2025 in “Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation” Hair-straightening products with glyoxylic acid can cause kidney damage.
November 2022 in “International journal of trichology” Glyoxylic acid straighteners cause more protein loss but have similar hair strength effects as traditional alkaline straighteners.
13 citations
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March 2017 in “Skin Research and Technology” Formaldehyde damages curly hair more than glyoxylic acid.
April 2019 in “Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo)” Hair straightening at pH 1.0 improves alignment but weakens hair more than pH 2.0.