May 2025 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” Discrimination during pregnancy affects newborn stress hormone levels.
February 2024 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” This study observed that higher anxiety levels in pregnant individuals are negatively correlated with neonatal hair cortisol, suggesting that increased anxiety during pregnancy may affect fetal cortisol accumulation, which is important for fetal development and associated with birth outcomes and cognitive function.
February 2024 in “Psychoneuroendocrinology” In this study, researchers found that higher levels of general and pregnancy-related anxiety during gestation were negatively correlated with neonatal hair cortisol levels, suggesting that increased maternal anxiety may alter fetal cortisol exposure, which is important for fetal development.
May 2026 in “The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)” This study observed significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations in foals compared to mares, with a strong positive correlation between the two, suggesting that hair cortisol can reflect maternal and fetal cortisol exposure during the last trimester of gestation in horses.
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November 2022 in “Nutrients” This study found that piglets' rapid growth during nursery and lactation was linked to changes in microbiota composition and increased cortisol conversion, highlighting critical early life factors influencing adult microbiota establishment.