August 2025 in “Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin” In this study, researchers identified immune differences in children with alopecia areata, finding that cytokine profiles vary based on the presence of atopic diseases; notably, patients with atopy showed a heightened T helper 2 response, potentially influencing cytokine expression and disease severity.
March 2005 in “Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology” Higher levels of IL-1a and IL-1RA were found in severe alopecia areata cases.
July 2025 in “The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine” This study suggests that T-cell recruitment, thrombosis, and increased vascular permeability may contribute to various symptom clusters in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 through shared cytokine elevation.
December 2020 in “Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction” This study identified significant differences in cytokine levels between people with primary cicatricial alopecias and unaffected individuals, suggesting cytokines may play a role in the condition's autoimmune nature and management.
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August 2015 in “The journal of allergy and clinical immunology/Journal of allergy and clinical immunology/The journal of allergy and clinical immunology” This study identified a distinct cytokine activation signature in alopecia areata, involving TH2, TH1, IL-23, and IL-9/TH9 pathways, suggesting potential targeting strategies similar to those in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
