53 citations
,
November 1997 in “Journal of Forensic Sciences” This study found that codeine incorporation in guinea pig hair varied with pigmentation and was highest in black hair, suggesting the role of eumelanins in drug binding.
63 citations
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August 1996 in “Forensic Science International” In this study, bleaching and perming were found to significantly reduce opiate concentrations in both spiked and naturally opiate-positive human hair samples.
14 citations
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January 1996 in “Journal of Forensic Sciences” This in vitro study found that opiate diffusion was more pronounced in damaged hair fibers than in undamaged ones, with high opiate concentrations detected in fiber centerpieces.
February 2025 in “Drug Testing and Analysis” In this study, conducted during the 22nd FIFA World Cup in Qatar, doping control analysis of 1612 samples showed negative results for prohibited substances, except for two instances each of codeine and carboxy finasteride.