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GlossaryOral Contraceptives (CHCs)

medications taken orally to prevent pregnancy

Oral contraceptives, commonly known as "the pill," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain synthetic forms of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to block sperm, and altering the uterine lining to prevent implantation.

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research Venous and Pulmonary Thromboembolism and Combined Hormonal Contraceptives: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

63 citations, January 2012 in “The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care”

Some birth control pills have a higher risk of blood clots than others.

research Combined Hormonal Contraception and Venous Thromboembolism

46 citations, January 2007 in “The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care”

Birth control pills increase the risk of blood clots, especially within the first year and with certain types.

research Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Hirsutism

June 2016 in “The Egyptian Journal of Fertility and Sterility”

The study concluded that personalized treatment, including medical and cosmetic approaches, is effective for women with PCOS and hirsutism.

research Association of Surgical Risk With Exogenous Hormone Use in Transgender Patients

57 citations, December 2018 in “JAMA Surgery”

Hormone treatment for transgender patients may not need to be stopped before surgery, but more research is needed, especially on estrogen.

research Warfare-Related Craniectomy Defect Reconstruction: Early Success Using Custom Alloplastic Implants

34 citations, March 2011 in “Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery”

Custom-designed implants effectively repaired skull damage in most soldiers injured in combat.

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