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Biofilm refers to a complex aggregation of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. In the context of hair loss, biofilms can form on the scalp and hair follicles, potentially leading to inflammation, infection, and disruption of normal hair growth cycles. Key distinguishing characteristics of biofilms include their resilience to antimicrobial treatments and their ability to protect the microorganisms within from the host's immune response, making them relevant in chronic scalp conditions that may contribute to hair loss.

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• Biofilms