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In this study, researchers found that both direct and witnessed trauma in mice were linked to lower levels of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone, and that boosting neurosteroidogenesis may alleviate PTSD-like symptoms, suggesting potential treatment strategies for PTSD stemming from either trauma type.

In this study, researchers found that both direct and witnessed trauma in mice are associated with reduced levels of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone, potentially influencing PTSD outcomes, and that treatment with synthetic neurosteroids may mitigate fear responses linked to observed trauma.

This study found that in adolescent male rats, androgens enhance inhibitory avoidance memory, possibly by interacting with androgen receptors in the amygdala and hippocampus.

This study found that progesterone and its metabolite, allopregnanolone, provided anti-anxiety and anti-depressive effects in female mice, potentially independent of nuclear progestin receptors but requiring 5α-reduction and estradiol's influence on brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

This review discusses sex differences in the neuroendocrine response to stress, focusing primarily on rodent studies, and highlights open questions about the roles of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes.