March 2013 in “Molecular & Cellular Toxicology/Molecular & cellular toxicology” In this study, exposure to m-Aminophenol in human keratinocytes altered the expression of thousands of genes involved in inflammation and stress responses, suggesting potential biomarkers for MAP-induced skin toxicity.
February 2026 in “PubMed” This study reported that para-phenylenediamine and toluene-2,5-diamine are the main sensitizers in hair dye-related allergic contact dermatitis, with significant cross-reactivity to several other compounds.
40 citations
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February 2002 in “International Journal of Dermatology” In this study, hair damaged by permanent dye showed signs of recovery over time, with near complete restoration to its original state after eight weeks.
16 citations
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October 2009 in “Xenobiotica” This study found no evidence that the tested hair dye ingredients undergo hepatic metabolism to reactive oxidized metabolites in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes.
6 citations
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January 2016 in “Indian Journal of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology” This study found that the majority of "hypoallergenic" hair dyes still triggered allergic reactions in patients sensitive to para-phenylenediamine.