Understanding Sex and Gender Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality: A Narrative Review Beyond Biology

    October 2025 in “ Biology of Sex Differences ”
    Patricia Lemarchand, Madeleine Pape, Joëlle Schwarz
    Studysummary This study concluded that while sex-related biological factors may influence COVID-19 outcomes, they do not fully explain the differences in mortality between women and men, underscoring the need for a gendered, intersectional approach to understanding health inequities and risk factors.
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    Research cited in this study 2

    1. Sex Hormones in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility: Key Players or Confounders? Nature Reviews Endocrinology · 2022
    2. Are Sex Hormones Promising Candidates to Explain Sex Disparities in the COVID-19 Pandemic? Reviews in endocrine and metabolic disorders · 2021