Advanced Polymer Hydrogels That Promote Diabetic Ulcer Healing: Mechanisms, Classifications, and Medical Applications

The document reviews the use of advanced polymer hydrogels in treating diabetic ulcers (DUs), a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Traditional treatments often lead to amputation or death, hence the exploration of hydrogels due to their biocompatibility, excellent water retention properties, and ability to prevent secondary mechanical damage. They mimic the natural extracellular matrix environment, accelerating wound healing and reducing the risk of amputation or death. Hydrogels can also carry therapeutic drugs. The document also discusses the use of hydrogels in combination with bioactive substances like growth factors, peptides, and mRNA to enhance healing. However, issues such as high degradation rate, low bioavailability, and high cost are still problematic. The document also introduces the concept of injectable in situ hydrogels and responsive hydrogels that respond to pH and glucose levels. Despite some limitations, these hydrogels show promise in the treatment of diabetic ulcers.