Plant-Derived Exosomes: Nano-Inducers of Cross-Kingdom Regulations

The review explores the potential of plant-derived exosomes as nano-inducers of cross-kingdom regulations, emphasizing their unique properties such as larger size, lower immunogenicity, and scalability compared to animal-derived exosomes. These exosomes are promising for therapeutic applications, including drug delivery and disease resistance, with significant potential in cancer treatment. They can be engineered to enhance drug delivery, targeting tumor sites and inducing apoptosis without harming normal cells. Various plants like citrus, ginger, aloe, and broccoli are sources of these exosomes, which can modulate immune responses and influence gene expression across biological kingdoms. Despite promising therapeutic applications, further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of exosome uptake by mammalian cells.