PKCδ/MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways Involved in Regulation of Ingenane-Type Diterpenoids from Euphorbia Neriifolia on Macrophage Function

The study explored the effects of ingenane-type diterpenoids, euphorneroid E (Euph E) and eurifoloid A (Euri A), from Euphorbia neriifolia on macrophage function, focusing on the PKCδ/MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. These compounds demonstrated dual effects by inhibiting LPS-induced nitric oxide production and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, while at higher concentrations, they enhanced macrophage activation by up-regulating PGE2, TNF-α, and COX-2 expression. The research suggested that Euph E and Euri A could modulate immune responses, highlighting their potential for therapeutic applications in managing inflammation and immune-related conditions. The study provided insights into the complex regulation of macrophage activity and the potential for developing treatments based on Euphorbia neriifolia.