Leveraging Nature's Nanocarriers: Translating Insights from Extracellular Vesicles to Biomimetic Synthetic Vesicles for Biomedical Applications

This review explores the potential of biomimetic synthetic vesicles (SVs) as innovative platforms for biomedical applications by combining the beneficial properties of naturally occurring extracellular vesicles (EVs) and synthetic nanoparticles like liposomes. EVs are noted for their biocompatibility and cell targeting abilities, while liposomes are recognized for their drug loading capacity and scalability. Biomimetic SVs aim to overcome limitations such as EV heterogeneity and liposome immune clearance by leveraging insights from EV biology. These SVs, including cell-derived nanovesicles and protein-functionalized liposomes, show promise in precision diagnostics and medicine. Despite advancements, challenges remain in standardizing SV classification and synthesis, necessitating further research to optimize bioengineering techniques for effective therapeutic strategies.