Lithium Toxicity Profile: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The systematic review and meta-analysis of 385 studies on lithium toxicity revealed that lithium use in patients with mood disorders was associated with several adverse effects. These included a reduction in urinary concentrating ability, increased risk of hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, and weight gain. Although there was a potential increase in the risk of renal failure, the absolute risk was low, with only 0.5% of patients requiring renal replacement therapy. There was no significant evidence of increased risk for congenital malformations, alopecia, or skin disorders. The study suggested monitoring calcium levels due to the high prevalence of hyperparathyroidism and advised careful consideration of risks before discontinuing lithium during pregnancy.