Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Laser and Light Technologies in Modern Dermatology

Laser and light technologies are extensively used in modern dermatology for both aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including skin cancer and inflammatory diseases. This integrative literature review analyzed studies from the past decade to understand the fundamental biophysical mechanisms and clinical applications of these technologies. Key mechanisms include selective photothermolysis, photoacoustic, photochemical effects, and controlled ablation, targeting specific skin chromophores. Common applications are skin rejuvenation, acne scar treatment, pigment disorders, vascular lesions, and permanent hair removal. Photobiomodulation with LEDs shows promise for androgenetic alopecia, inflammation, and wound healing, while photodynamic therapy is effective for actinic keratoses and superficial basal cell carcinoma. There is a growing trend of combining technologies and personalizing protocols, often with artificial intelligence, to enhance efficacy and safety. A deep understanding of biophysical mechanisms and standardization of clinical parameters are crucial for optimizing outcomes and developing consistent clinical guidelines.