Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in Parkinson’s Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects

This review highlights the role of immunosenescence and inflammaging in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), focusing on how age-related immune system changes contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. It discusses the impact of a pro-inflammatory environment on blood-brain barrier integrity and microglial activation, driven by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The review also examines disrupted neuroimmune communication pathways and evaluates potential therapeutic strategies, such as senolytic agents, regulatory T-cell therapy, and cytokine-targeted immunomodulation. It emphasizes the need for advanced research models, biomarker development, and AI-driven personalized medicine to develop effective immunotherapies for PD.