Alopecia Areata: Multifactorial Disease Involving Genetic, Environmental, and Autoimmune Factors

Alopecia areata is a multifactorial disease involving genetic, environmental, and local autoimmune factors of the hair follicle, leading to hair loss. Clinical presentations vary from small patches to universal or total alopecia. Despite being a benign condition, it is significantly associated with other, more serious autoimmune diseases. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood, but there is clear evidence of dysregulation in signaling pathways, particularly those mediated by Janus kinases. Various topical and oral treatments are available with variable outcomes, and Janus kinase inhibitors are an emerging therapeutic option under investigation.