TLDR COVID-19 can cause over 50 long-term symptoms, with fatigue and headache being the most common.
In 2021, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on the long-term effects of COVID-19, involving 47,910 patients. The study found that 80% of these patients developed one or more long-term symptoms, with the most common being fatigue (58%), headache (44%), attention disorder (27%), hair loss (25%), and dyspnea (24%). The study also identified 55 long-term effects associated with COVID-19, with abnormal chest XRay/CT observed in 34% of the patients and elevated laboratory parameters including interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin, serum ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP), and D-dimer. The researchers concluded that more research is needed to understand these long-term effects to develop preventive measures, rehabilitation techniques, and clinical management strategies.
58 citations,
November 2020 in “International Journal of Dermatology” COVID-19 may cause a temporary hair loss condition called telogen effluvium in some patients after recovery.
737 citations,
August 2020 in “Journal of Infection” Many COVID-19 survivors experience long-term symptoms but still report satisfactory quality of life and return to work.
1250 citations,
August 2021 in “Scientific Reports” COVID-19 leaves 80% of patients with long-term symptoms like fatigue and headaches.
266 citations,
November 2013 in “European Journal of Epidemiology” The Rotterdam Study aims to understand disease causes in the elderly and has found new risk factors and genetic influences on various conditions.
5 citations,
May 2023 in “Frontiers in immunology” Environmental factors like diet and vitamin levels, especially Vitamin D, can affect autoimmune diseases differently, with lifestyle changes potentially improving outcomes.
139 citations,
February 2014 in “Journal of Advanced Research” Vitamin D is important for skin health and may affect conditions like psoriasis and hair loss, but more research is needed to understand its role fully.
134 citations,
December 2018 in “Dermatology and Therapy” Some vitamins and minerals like vitamin D and iron can help with certain types of hair loss, but more research is needed for others.
