20 citations
,
July 1988 in “Clinics in dermatology” This article reviews the current practices and interpretations of research data on permanent waving and hair straightening, but does not present any new research findings.
70 citations
,
June 1998 in “Polymer” This study found that permanent waving treatment partially disrupts the α-helical structure in human hair microfibrils, primarily during the initial reduction phase, rather than just affecting disulphide bonds.
37 citations
,
October 2015 in “PeerJ” This study found that shampoo and conditioner do not alter hair's molecular structure, while perming treatments significantly affect keratin and intermediate filament structures due to bond alterations.
31 citations
,
November 2003 in “Journal of Occupational Health” This study found that the reproductive function of female hairdressers may be negatively affected by long-term exposure to permanent-waving solutions containing thioglycolic acid, raising concerns about its potential carcinogenic effects.
18 citations
,
January 2008 in “Sen'i Gakkaishi” This study observed that repeated perm treatments decrease disulfide bonds in hair due to their conversion largely into cysteic acid, affecting the waving efficiency depending on the reduction agent used.