21 citations
,
May 2014 in “Toxicological Sciences” Toluene diisocyanate exposure can cause immune sensitization by interacting with proteins in hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
17 citations
,
October 2012 in “European Journal of Pharmacology” Toluene lowers body temperature through different mechanisms depending on the concentration.
47 citations
,
June 2015 in “Contact Dermatitis” A standardized patch test for hair cosmetics is needed in Europe to prevent allergies, especially for hairdressers.
16 citations
,
October 2009 in “Xenobiotica” The tested hair dye ingredients do not form harmful oxidized metabolites in the liver.
February 2026 in “PubMed” Most hair dye allergies are caused by para-phenylenediamine (PPD), and safer hair dye options are needed.