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This paper reviews the evolution of skin appendages and keratin-associated proteins among amniotes, proposing a model for their genetic divergence without new experimental results.

This review provides an overview of the molecular evolution of corneous beta-proteins in reptiles and birds, highlighting their distinct genetic origin and role in epidermal structures, but reports no new results.

This study identified the distribution of keratin-associated proteins during cornification in the epidermis of reptiles, revealing unique structural characteristics in sauropsid keratin proteins compared to other vertebrates.

This study suggests that the keratins found in reptile and bird skin appendages evolved independently from mammalian hair keratins, highlighting convergent evolution in these species.

In this review, researchers examined the molecular diversity and expression patterns of major skin appendage proteins, like keratins and EDC proteins, in tetrapods, highlighting recent findings in reptiles and birds and identifying knowledge gaps for future research.

Cornification evolved from keratinization in vertebrates, with differences between mammals and sauropsids.

In this study, researchers propose that different vertebrate skin appendages, such as hair, feathers, and scales, evolved in parallel from a shared ancestral cell structure associated with teeth, dating back approximately 420 million years ago.

This study analyzes the fine structure and protein distribution in monotreme hairs, finding similarities with other mammals and detailing unique immunocytochemical features in their inner root sheaths.

In this study, researchers discussed how specific protein interactions in reptile skin allow for the development of protective structures like scales and scutes, which facilitated reptiles' adaptation to terrestrial environments.

Vertebrate skin evolved to be more specialized and complex, especially in land animals.

This review explores theories on the evolution of hair from synapsid scales and glands, proposing mechanisms supported by comparative studies, but reports no new experimental findings.

This study suggests that chicken and alligator scales evolved independently through convergent evolution rather than sharing a common origin with avian feathers.

This study found that the differential expression of α- and β-keratin genes in feathers may explain their morphological and structural diversity, highlighting the chicken as a model for studying keratin-related diseases.

This study found that the Florida worm lizard has lost certain genes associated with claw development, which are present in other lizard species with claws, suggesting a link between the evolution of their limbless body and the loss of claw-related genes.

This study reports that KRTAP-like proteins, which resemble keratin-associated proteins found in mammals, are also present in the cornified teeth of various lamprey species, suggesting these proteins may serve similar functions in skin appendages across different vertebrates despite independent evolutionary origins.

This study identified a new S100 fused-type protein, scaffoldin, in reptiles and birds and suggests that SFTP-positive epithelia serve as scaffolds for the growth of various skin appendages, indicating a common evolutionary origin.

In this study, the researchers found that mammalian hair likely evolved through the adaptation of existing structural proteins, as similar cysteine-rich α-keratins were identified in chicken and lizard genomes, suggesting pre-mammalian origins.

This study found that the main structural proteins of tree frog toe pads, which aid in their adhesive properties, are alpha keratins that have evolutionary origins in early tetrapods.

This study reports that mutations in human L-PGDS affect the entrance and exit of ligands in its binding cavity, suggesting these residues play a role in ligand interaction processes.

This study found that zebrafish and stickleback fish use similar genetic programs for tooth regeneration, despite differences in their dental structures.

This study found that the L457(3.43)R mutation in the human luteinizing hormone receptor increases phosphodiesterase activity, reducing hormonal response despite elevated basal cAMP levels.

This study demonstrated that Reverse Protein Engineering can decrease the size of Firefly Luciferase from 550 to less than 80 amino acids, but further research is needed to ensure these smaller peptides retain bioluminescent activity.

In this study, researchers observed that the epidermal specializations on the tail scales of Lygodactylus lizards, including sensory organs and specific secretory glands, are fully restored with similar structure and distribution on regenerated tails.

This study suggests that Ptprq in the hair bundles may exist as multiple isoforms that are differentially expressed throughout development and affect the organization of stereocilia in the chick inner ear.

PLAU and SerpinB2 affect cell death differently in various forms of leprosy and could be targets for new treatments.

In this study, researchers found that alpha-keratin homologs similar to those in mammalian hair are present in the claws of the lizard Anolis carolinensis, suggesting a structural role during claw formation.

This study used cryoelectron microscopy to unveil the structure of LPA-bound human LPAR6, revealing unique ligand binding and recognition modes distinct from LPAR1, which may aid in designing targeted compounds for hair loss and cancer.

This study found that in early retinal neurogenesis in mice, the transcription factor Lhx2 regulates Sonic Hedgehog signaling by controlling expression of pathway genes like the co-receptors Gas1 and Cdon.