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This review discusses the influence of androgens on opioid-mediated effects and calls for further research into their role in sex differences and potential therapeutic options for chronic pain and substance use disorders.

This study found that human skin expresses proenkephalin, whose expression is upregulated by environmental stress and varies in pathological conditions, increasing in psoriasis and decreasing in melanocytic tumors.

This review suggests that topically applied peptides may offer a promising alternative for managing pain in chronic wounds, with additional potential benefits of anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities, but acknowledges the challenges of delivering these peptides across damaged skin barriers.

Opioid use may lower PSA levels, suggesting a possible role in prostate cancer control; PSA testing is useful for detecting prostate cancer; serum triglycerides are not linked to prostate cancer risk; and higher urethral PSA levels may be associated with local hormone activity.

This article discusses the long-standing use and safety of opioids in anaesthesia, noting that respiratory depression is a manageable side effect due to the availability of opioid antagonists.