52 citations
,
March 2022 in “Biology of Sex Differences” This review examines biological reasons for sex-based differences in COVID-19 outcomes, noting that females exhibit stronger immune responses, potentially explaining lower severity and mortality compared to males.
125 citations
,
August 2020 in “Frontiers in Immunology” This review discusses sex-based differences in immune responses, focusing on genetic, hormonal, and microbiome factors influencing infections like COVID-19, and reports no clinical results.
23 citations
,
March 1958 in “JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute” This study observed that male-to-female skin grafts were consistently rejected in mice due to sex-linked histocompatibility antigens, suggesting potential applications for distinguishing between X- and Y-chromosome-carrying sperm.
15 citations
,
April 2022 in “Immunology” This review discusses sex differences in immune responses to COVID-19 and highlights that males tend to experience more severe symptoms and higher mortality but reports no new clinical findings.
31 citations
,
January 2010 in “GenomeBiology.com (London. Print)” This study reports that X chromosomes often show greater differentiation between human populations than autosomes, likely due to a mix of demography and selection pressures.