Unraveling the web of defense: the crucial role of polysaccharides in immunity

Polysaccharides have significant potential in immunological regulation, as highlighted by recent pharmacological and clinical studies. These natural compounds, derived from plants, animals, and microbes, can enhance the immune system by triggering immunostimulatory responses and interacting at the cellular level. Key polysaccharides include arabinogalactans, fucoidans, mannans, and others, which improve antioxidant capacity, reduce pro-inflammatory mediators, and strengthen the intestinal barrier. They also influence gut microbial populations and promote short-chain fatty acid synthesis, while reducing excessive inflammatory responses. The review emphasizes the importance of developing polysaccharide-based immunomodulators for disease prevention and treatment, and discusses their structural features, immunomodulatory properties, and potential pharmaceutical applications.