Understanding Sex and Gender Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality: A Narrative Review Beyond Biology

October 2025 in “ Biology of Sex Differences ”

Patricia Lemarchand, Madeleine Pape, Joëlle Schwarz

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research Sex Hormones in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility: Key Players or Confounders?

8 citations , December 2022 in “Nature Reviews Endocrinology”

Sex hormones' effects on COVID-19 are unclear and more research is needed to understand their potential as treatment.

research Are Sex Hormones Promising Candidates to Explain Sex Disparities in the COVID-19 Pandemic?

19 citations , November 2021 in “Reviews in endocrine and metabolic disorders”

Sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone may affect COVID-19 severity differently in men and women, potentially influencing prevention and treatment strategies.