Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicity and Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Cynoglossum Amabile: A Review

Cynoglossum amabile, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for centuries to treat various ailments such as malaria, hepatitis, and fractures. This review compiles its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity. The plant contains 47 chemical components, including pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which have shown anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-microbial activities. However, its hepatotoxicity, linked to PAs, raises safety concerns. Preliminary studies suggest potential in treating prostate diseases and alopecia, but further research is needed. The review underscores the importance of indigenous knowledge in drug development and highlights the plant's market potential.