Multifaceted Roles of Superoxide Dismutases (SODs) in Cellular Homeostasis and Cancer Progression: Redox Regulation and Therapeutic Implications

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are essential enzymes that maintain cellular redox balance by converting superoxide radicals into less harmful molecules, thus reducing oxidative stress. The three isoforms, SOD1, SOD2, and SOD3, are located in different cellular areas and are crucial for cellular signaling and protection against damage from reactive oxygen species. Dysregulation of SODs is linked to cancer, affecting tumor growth and resistance to treatment. While SOD1 and SOD2 often support cancer cell survival, SOD3's role varies. SOD mimetics, particularly manganese-based compounds, show promise in cancer therapy by targeting oxidative stress in cancer cells, improving treatment outcomes, and safeguarding healthy tissues.