Platelet-Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine: Biological Mechanisms, Preparation Methods, Clinical Applications, and Current Challenges

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a promising technique in regenerative medicine due to its ability to promote tissue healing, new blood vessel formation, and extracellular matrix regeneration through concentrated growth factors like PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, EGF, and IGF-1. However, the effectiveness of PRP therapy varies significantly depending on preparation methods, activation techniques, and patient-specific factors such as age and existing conditions. This review highlights the need for standardization and improved efficacy in PRP applications across various fields, including orthopedics, dermatology, dentistry, and wound healing. Emerging techniques like exosome-enriched PRP and therapies combining biomaterials or stem cells may address current challenges and enhance clinical outcomes.