Polycystic Ovarian Disease in Adult and Perimenopausal Women

Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) is the most common endocrine disorder in women, characterized by a range of symptoms including hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, obesity, insulin resistance, and polycystic ovaries. Although the cause of PCOD is unknown, genetic studies suggest an autosomal dominant transmission with various hormonal disturbances. Symptoms can persist after menopause, making diagnosis in adult perimenopausal women challenging. Diagnosis often involves assessing the fasting glucose insulin ratio (FGI) and other lipid levels. Management focuses on symptom treatment and prevention of long-term complications, with oral contraceptive pills and insulin-sensitizing agents like metformin being common therapies. Long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these treatments, especially in altering metabolic outcomes and managing issues like hair growth. Patient education on associated risks such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease is also crucial.