Hox Genes in Development and Beyond

Hox genes are essential transcription factors involved in the development of bilaterian organisms, influencing the formation of structures like the neural tube, axial skeleton, and limbs. They are organized in clusters that reflect their expression patterns and are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms and interactions with TALE domain co-factors. Beyond embryonic development, Hox genes continue to function in postnatal and adult stages, contributing to tissue maintenance and function, such as bone remodeling and auditory system development. Despite their critical roles, the specific functions of Hox protein domains and their transcriptional specificity remain underexplored. In mammals, Hox genes are vital for lung, reproductive tract, and mammary gland development, with mutations linked to infertility and cancers. In invertebrates, they affect behavior and tissue segmentation. The discovery of Hox-expressing adult stem/progenitor cells suggests further roles in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, highlighting the need for more research in these areas.