Modulating the Gut–Skin Axis in Dermatological Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics

The document reviews the gut–skin axis and the potential of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in treating dermatological diseases. It highlights that these interventions show promise, particularly in atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis, with probiotics like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium improving skin barrier function and inflammatory responses. However, evidence for conditions such as alopecia and chronic urticaria is limited. The efficacy of these therapies is highly strain-specific and depends on formulation, dosage, and duration. Postbiotics are noted for their stability and safety, especially for topical use. The review emphasizes the need for more targeted clinical trials to better understand these interventions' roles in dermatology.